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大理翻译公司关键字：Fourth, the economic and social development of several basic questions1, the cost-benefit principle of technological innovation
According to historical materialism, productivity is the decisive force of social development. So the reasons for the development of productivity, what is it?
Plekhanov Russian Marxist philosopher believes that the status of development of productive forces, first of all be attributed to geographical features. Most of the Marxist historians regard the development of productive forces attributed to changes in production technology or a breakthrough, then the production technology breakthroughs have reasons? It is occasional, or a necessity? If by chance, why the late Middle Ages in Western Europe there are so many technological breakthroughs, and China in two thousand years of feudal society, (the relations of production with revolutionary) production technology has almost no major breakthrough? If the technological breakthrough has a certain inevitability, then the reasons for this necessity, what is it?
Modern economics, the pursuit of the interests of the eternal human behavior motivated, people should be carried out before the event costs and benefits of the trade-off, only the expected return is obviously higher than those expected costs of inventions, one would have been to spend time and effort to the development of . Technological progress over the past tend to produce as like as Lu Ban invented the saw is occasional, it is a serious misunderstanding. Historically, the chance of technological innovation may indeed play a significant role, but they have been able to start to appear all over the world, precisely because they do not cost much. Most inventions until the contingency been mastered, the rest are all relying on chance can not break through the invention of the project, the production technology will be at a standstill. North in the "rise of the Western world," a book, with the invention of the clock in the process a good illustration of this principle.
15th century, in order to determine the ocean-going sailing ship in the ocean need to measure the position of longitude, and longitude measured in the ocean during the voyage need to maintain a precise clock. Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom have all announced the invention of the clock after another to give a huge reward. This reward was continued until the 18th century Harrison received by the British, he developed the clock for almost half a lifetime spent energy. If the successful development of Harrison sudden illness and death, then the clock would still be his son or other people invented because the high reward is to stimulate people to develop a fundamental driving force. If there is no reward, the invention results in the sale of imitation after leaving because of being the inventor proceeds well below the price paid by him, no one will go for such development. Copying other people's inventions have a modern economics called "free rider" benefits, so people want to wait for someone else invented after the imitation, so the community can only be as Lu Ban invented some kind of saw what almost no cost simple or accidental invention.
However, despite the high reward activity to stimulate invention, but the government only reward is a major and urgent projects, everything is unrealistic to rely on government reward, so to protect the interests of which can give inventors often stimulate creative activity the invention of the patent system is out. Since then many European inventions are developed under the protection of the patent system, if there is no protection of the patent system, and many inventions of the expected return is much lower than expected costs, thus there is no one to be developed. Ancient China did not form a system to protect the interests of inventors, inventions so there are mostly simple and casual with nature.
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